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replace zxq.co/ripple/hanayo
2019-02-23 13:29:15 +00:00
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/valyala/fasthttp.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/valyala/fasthttp)
[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp?status.svg)](http://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp)
[![Go Report](http://goreportcard.com/badge/valyala/fasthttp)](http://goreportcard.com/report/valyala/fasthttp)
# fasthttp
Fast HTTP implementation for Go.
Currently fasthttp is successfully used by [VertaMedia](https://vertamedia.com/)
in a production serving up to 200K rps from more than 1.5M concurrent keep-alive
connections per physical server.
[TechEmpower Benchmark round 12 results](https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r12&hw=peak&test=plaintext)
[Server Benchmarks](#http-server-performance-comparison-with-nethttp)
[Client Benchmarks](#http-client-comparison-with-nethttp)
[Install](#install)
[Documentation](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp)
[Examples from docs](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#pkg-examples)
[Code examples](examples)
[Switching from net/http to fasthttp](#switching-from-nethttp-to-fasthttp)
[Fasthttp best practices](#fasthttp-best-practices)
[Tricks with byte buffers](#tricks-with-byte-buffers)
[Related projects](#related-projects)
[FAQ](#faq)
# HTTP server performance comparison with [net/http](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/)
In short, fasthttp server is up to 10 times faster than net/http.
Below are benchmark results.
*GOMAXPROCS=1*
net/http server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench=NetHTTPServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn 1000000 12052 ns/op 2297 B/op 29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn 1000000 12278 ns/op 2327 B/op 24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn 2000000 8903 ns/op 2112 B/op 19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10KReqPerConn 2000000 8451 ns/op 2058 B/op 18 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients 500000 26733 ns/op 3229 B/op 29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients 1000000 23351 ns/op 3211 B/op 24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients 1000000 13390 ns/op 2483 B/op 19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients 1000000 13484 ns/op 2171 B/op 18 allocs/op
```
fasthttp server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench=kServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn 10000000 1559 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn 10000000 1248 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn 20000000 797 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10KReqPerConn 20000000 716 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients 10000000 1974 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients 10000000 1352 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients 20000000 789 ns/op 2 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients 20000000 604 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
```
*GOMAXPROCS=4*
net/http server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench=NetHTTPServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn-4 3000000 4529 ns/op 2389 B/op 29 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn-4 5000000 3896 ns/op 2418 B/op 24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn-4 5000000 3145 ns/op 2160 B/op 19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10KReqPerConn-4 5000000 3054 ns/op 2065 B/op 18 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients-4 1000000 10321 ns/op 3710 B/op 30 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients-4 2000000 7556 ns/op 3296 B/op 24 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients-4 5000000 3905 ns/op 2349 B/op 19 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients-4 5000000 3435 ns/op 2130 B/op 18 allocs/op
```
fasthttp server:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench=kServerGet -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn-4 10000000 1141 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn-4 20000000 707 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn-4 30000000 341 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10KReqPerConn-4 50000000 310 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet1ReqPerConn10KClients-4 10000000 1119 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet2ReqPerConn10KClients-4 20000000 644 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet10ReqPerConn10KClients-4 30000000 346 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkServerGet100ReqPerConn10KClients-4 50000000 282 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
```
# HTTP client comparison with net/http
In short, fasthttp client is up to 10 times faster than net/http.
Below are benchmark results.
*GOMAXPROCS=1*
net/http client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench='HTTPClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientDoFastServer 1000000 12567 ns/op 2616 B/op 35 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1TCP 200000 67030 ns/op 5028 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10TCP 300000 51098 ns/op 5031 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100TCP 300000 45096 ns/op 5026 B/op 55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory 500000 24779 ns/op 5035 B/op 57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory 1000000 26425 ns/op 5035 B/op 57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory 500000 28515 ns/op 5045 B/op 57 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory 500000 39511 ns/op 5096 B/op 56 allocs/op
```
fasthttp client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=1 go test -bench='kClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkClientDoFastServer 20000000 865 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1TCP 1000000 18711 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10TCP 1000000 14664 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100TCP 1000000 14043 ns/op 1 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory 5000000 3965 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory 3000000 4060 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory 5000000 3396 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory 5000000 3306 ns/op 2 B/op 0 allocs/op
```
*GOMAXPROCS=4*
net/http client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench='HTTPClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientDoFastServer-4 2000000 8774 ns/op 2619 B/op 35 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1TCP-4 500000 22951 ns/op 5047 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10TCP-4 1000000 19182 ns/op 5037 B/op 55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100TCP-4 1000000 16535 ns/op 5031 B/op 55 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory-4 1000000 14495 ns/op 5038 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory-4 1000000 10237 ns/op 5034 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory-4 1000000 10125 ns/op 5045 B/op 56 allocs/op
BenchmarkNetHTTPClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory-4 1000000 11132 ns/op 5136 B/op 56 allocs/op
```
fasthttp client:
```
$ GOMAXPROCS=4 go test -bench='kClient(Do|GetEndToEnd)' -benchmem -benchtime=10s
BenchmarkClientDoFastServer-4 50000000 397 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1TCP-4 2000000 7388 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10TCP-4 2000000 6689 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100TCP-4 3000000 4927 ns/op 1 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1Inmemory-4 10000000 1604 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd10Inmemory-4 10000000 1458 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd100Inmemory-4 10000000 1329 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkClientGetEndToEnd1000Inmemory-4 10000000 1316 ns/op 5 B/op 0 allocs/op
```
# Install
```
go get -u github.com/valyala/fasthttp
```
# Switching from net/http to fasthttp
Unfortunately, fasthttp doesn't provide API identical to net/http.
See the [FAQ](#faq) for details.
There is [net/http -> fasthttp handler converter](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttpadaptor),
but it is advisable writing fasthttp request handlers by hands for gaining
all the fasthttp advantages (especially high performance :) ).
Important points:
* Fasthttp works with [RequestHandler functions](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
instead of objects implementing [Handler interface](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Handler).
Fortunately, it is easy to pass bound struct methods to fasthttp:
```go
type MyHandler struct {
foobar string
}
// request handler in net/http style, i.e. method bound to MyHandler struct.
func (h *MyHandler) HandleFastHTTP(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
// notice that we may access MyHandler properties here - see h.foobar.
fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "Hello, world! Requested path is %q. Foobar is %q",
ctx.Path(), h.foobar)
}
// request handler in fasthttp style, i.e. just plain function.
func fastHTTPHandler(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "Hi there! RequestURI is %q", ctx.RequestURI())
}
// pass bound struct method to fasthttp
myHandler := &MyHandler{
foobar: "foobar",
}
fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8080", myHandler.HandleFastHTTP)
// pass plain function to fasthttp
fasthttp.ListenAndServe(":8081", fastHTTPHandler)
```
* The [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
accepts only one argument - [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx).
It contains all the functionality required for http request processing
and response writing. Below is an example of a simple request handler conversion
from net/http to fasthttp.
```go
// net/http request handler
requestHandler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
switch r.URL.Path {
case "/foo":
fooHandler(w, r)
case "/bar":
barHandler(w, r)
default:
http.Error(w, "Unsupported path", http.StatusNotFound)
}
}
```
```go
// the corresponding fasthttp request handler
requestHandler := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
switch string(ctx.Path()) {
case "/foo":
fooHandler(ctx)
case "/bar":
barHandler(ctx)
default:
ctx.Error("Unsupported path", fasthttp.StatusNotFound)
}
}
```
* Fasthttp allows setting response headers and writing response body
in arbitrary order. There is no 'headers first, then body' restriction
like in net/http. The following code is valid for fasthttp:
```go
requestHandler := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
// set some headers and status code first
ctx.SetContentType("foo/bar")
ctx.SetStatusCode(fasthttp.StatusOK)
// then write the first part of body
fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "this is the first part of body\n")
// then set more headers
ctx.Response.Header.Set("Foo-Bar", "baz")
// then write more body
fmt.Fprintf(ctx, "this is the second part of body\n")
// then override already written body
ctx.SetBody([]byte("this is completely new body contents"))
// then update status code
ctx.SetStatusCode(fasthttp.StatusNotFound)
// basically, anything may be updated many times before
// returning from RequestHandler.
//
// Unlike net/http fasthttp doesn't put response to the wire until
// returning from RequestHandler.
}
```
* Fasthttp doesn't provide [ServeMux](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ServeMux),
but there are more powerful third-party routers and web frameworks
with fasthttp support exist:
* [Iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris)
* [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing)
* [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter)
* [echo v2](https://github.com/labstack/echo)
Net/http code with simple ServeMux is trivially converted to fasthttp code:
```go
// net/http code
m := &http.ServeMux{}
m.HandleFunc("/foo", fooHandlerFunc)
m.HandleFunc("/bar", barHandlerFunc)
m.Handle("/baz", bazHandler)
http.ListenAndServe(":80", m)
```
```go
// the corresponding fasthttp code
m := func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
switch string(ctx.Path()) {
case "/foo":
fooHandlerFunc(ctx)
case "/bar":
barHandlerFunc(ctx)
case "/baz":
bazHandler.HandlerFunc(ctx)
default:
ctx.Error("not found", fasthttp.StatusNotFound)
}
}
fastttp.ListenAndServe(":80", m)
```
* net/http -> fasthttp conversion table:
* All the pseudocode below assumes w, r and ctx have these types:
```go
var (
w http.ResponseWriter
r *http.Request
ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx
)
```
* r.Body -> [ctx.PostBody()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostBody)
* r.URL.Path -> [ctx.Path()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Path)
* r.URL -> [ctx.URI()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.URI)
* r.Method -> [ctx.Method()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Method)
* r.Header -> [ctx.Request.Header](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader)
* r.Header.Get() -> [ctx.Request.Header.Peek()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader.Peek)
* r.Host -> [ctx.Host()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Host)
* r.Form -> [ctx.QueryArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.QueryArgs) +
[ctx.PostArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostArgs)
* r.PostForm -> [ctx.PostArgs()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostArgs)
* r.FormValue() -> [ctx.FormValue()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.FormValue)
* r.FormFile() -> [ctx.FormFile()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.FormFile)
* r.MultipartForm -> [ctx.MultipartForm()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.MultipartForm)
* r.RemoteAddr -> [ctx.RemoteAddr()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.RemoteAddr)
* r.RequestURI -> [ctx.RequestURI()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.RequestURI)
* r.TLS -> [ctx.IsTLS()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.IsTLS)
* r.Cookie() -> [ctx.Request.Header.Cookie()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHeader.Cookie)
* r.Referer() -> [ctx.Referer()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Referer)
* r.UserAgent() -> [ctx.UserAgent()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.UserAgent)
* w.Header() -> [ctx.Response.Header](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader)
* w.Header().Set() -> [ctx.Response.Header.Set()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader.Set)
* w.Header().Set("Content-Type") -> [ctx.SetContentType()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetContentType)
* w.Header().Set("Set-Cookie") -> [ctx.Response.Header.SetCookie()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ResponseHeader.SetCookie)
* w.Write() -> [ctx.Write()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Write),
[ctx.SetBody()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBody),
[ctx.SetBodyStream()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBodyStream),
[ctx.SetBodyStreamWriter()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetBodyStreamWriter)
* w.WriteHeader() -> [ctx.SetStatusCode()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.SetStatusCode)
* w.(http.Hijacker).Hijack() -> [ctx.Hijack()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack)
* http.Error() -> [ctx.Error()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Error)
* http.FileServer() -> [fasthttp.FSHandler()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#FSHandler),
[fasthttp.FS](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#FS)
* http.ServeFile() -> [fasthttp.ServeFile()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#ServeFile)
* http.Redirect() -> [ctx.Redirect()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Redirect)
* http.NotFound() -> [ctx.NotFound()](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.NotFound)
* http.StripPrefix() -> [fasthttp.PathRewriteFunc](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#PathRewriteFunc)
* *VERY IMPORTANT!* Fasthttp disallows holding references
to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx) or to its'
members after returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
Otherwise [data races](http://blog.golang.org/race-detector) are inevitable.
Carefully inspect all the net/http request handlers converted to fasthttp whether
they retain references to RequestCtx or to its' members after returning.
RequestCtx provides the following _band aids_ for this case:
* Wrap RequestHandler into [TimeoutHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#TimeoutHandler).
* Call [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
before returning from RequestHandler if there are references to RequestCtx or to its' members.
See [the example](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#example-RequestCtx-TimeoutError)
for more details.
Use brilliant tool - [race detector](http://blog.golang.org/race-detector) -
for detecting and eliminating data races in your program. If you detected
data race related to fasthttp in your program, then there is high probability
you forgot calling [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
before returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
* Blind switching from net/http to fasthttp won't give you performance boost.
While fasthttp is optimized for speed, its' performance may be easily saturated
by slow [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
So [profile](http://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs) and optimize your
code after switching to fasthttp. For instance, use [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate)
instead of [html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/).
* See also [fasthttputil](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttputil),
[fasthttpadaptor](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/fasthttpadaptor) and
[expvarhandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/expvarhandler).
# Performance optimization tips for multi-core systems
* Use [reuseport](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp/reuseport) listener.
* Run a separate server instance per CPU core with GOMAXPROCS=1.
* Pin each server instance to a separate CPU core using [taskset](http://linux.die.net/man/1/taskset).
* Ensure the interrupts of multiqueue network card are evenly distributed between CPU cores.
See [this article](https://blog.cloudflare.com/how-to-achieve-low-latency/) for details.
* Use Go 1.6 as it provides some considerable performance improvements.
# Fasthttp best practices
* Do not allocate objects and `[]byte` buffers - just reuse them as much
as possible. Fasthttp API design encourages this.
* [sync.Pool](https://golang.org/pkg/sync/#Pool) is your best friend.
* [Profile your program](http://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs)
in production.
`go tool pprof --alloc_objects your-program mem.pprof` usually gives better
insights for optimization opportunities than `go tool pprof your-program cpu.pprof`.
* Write [tests and benchmarks](https://golang.org/pkg/testing/) for hot paths.
* Avoid conversion between `[]byte` and `string`, since this may result in memory
allocation+copy. Fasthttp API provides functions for both `[]byte` and `string` -
use these functions instead of converting manually between `[]byte` and `string`.
There are some exceptions - see [this wiki page](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CompilerOptimizations#string-and-byte)
for more details.
* Verify your tests and production code under
[race detector](https://golang.org/doc/articles/race_detector.html) on a regular basis.
* Prefer [quicktemplate](https://github.com/valyala/quicktemplate) instead of
[html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) in your webserver.
# Tricks with `[]byte` buffers
The following tricks are used by fasthttp. Use them in your code too.
* Standard Go functions accept nil buffers
```go
var (
// both buffers are uninitialized
dst []byte
src []byte
)
dst = append(dst, src...) // is legal if dst is nil and/or src is nil
copy(dst, src) // is legal if dst is nil and/or src is nil
(string(src) == "") // is true if src is nil
(len(src) == 0) // is true if src is nil
src = src[:0] // works like a charm with nil src
// this for loop doesn't panic if src is nil
for i, ch := range src {
doSomething(i, ch)
}
```
So throw away nil checks for `[]byte` buffers from you code. For example,
```go
srcLen := 0
if src != nil {
srcLen = len(src)
}
```
becomes
```go
srcLen := len(src)
```
* String may be appended to `[]byte` buffer with `append`
```go
dst = append(dst, "foobar"...)
```
* `[]byte` buffer may be extended to its' capacity.
```go
buf := make([]byte, 100)
a := buf[:10] // len(a) == 10, cap(a) == 100.
b := a[:100] // is valid, since cap(a) == 100.
```
* All fasthttp functions accept nil `[]byte` buffer
```go
statusCode, body, err := fasthttp.Get(nil, "http://google.com/")
uintBuf := fasthttp.AppendUint(nil, 1234)
```
# Related projects
* [fasthttp-contrib](https://github.com/fasthttp-contrib) - various useful
helpers for projects based on fasthttp.
* [iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris) - web application framework built
on top of fasthttp. Features speed and functionality.
* [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing) - fast and
powerful routing package for fasthttp servers.
* [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter) - a high
performance fasthttp request router that scales well.
* [echo](https://github.com/labstack/echo) - fast and unfancy HTTP server
framework with fasthttp support.
* [websocket](https://github.com/leavengood/websocket) - Gorilla-based
websocket implementation for fasthttp.
# FAQ
* *Why creating yet another http package instead of optimizing net/http?*
Because net/http API limits many optimization opportunities.
For example:
* net/http Request object lifetime isn't limited by request handler execution
time. So the server must create new request object per each request instead
of reusing existing objects like fasthttp do.
* net/http headers are stored in a `map[string][]string`. So the server
must parse all the headers, convert them from `[]byte` to `string` and put
them into the map before calling user-provided request handler.
This all requires unnecessary memory allocations avoided by fasthttp.
* net/http client API requires creating new response object per each request.
* *Why fasthttp API is incompatible with net/http?*
Because net/http API limits many optimization opportunities. See the answer
above for more details. Also certain net/http API parts are suboptimal
for use:
* Compare [net/http connection hijacking](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Hijacker)
to [fasthttp connection hijacking](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack).
* Compare [net/http Request.Body reading](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#Request)
to [fasthttp request body reading](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.PostBody).
* *Why fasthttp doesn't support HTTP/2.0 and WebSockets?*
There are [plans](TODO) for adding HTTP/2.0 and WebSockets support
in the future.
In the mean time, third parties may use [RequestCtx.Hijack](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.Hijack)
for implementing these goodies. See [the first third-party websocket implementation on the top of fasthttp](https://github.com/leavengood/websocket).
* *Are there known net/http advantages comparing to fasthttp?*
Yes:
* net/http supports [HTTP/2.0 starting from go1.6](https://http2.golang.org/).
* net/http API is stable, while fasthttp API constantly evolves.
* net/http handles more HTTP corner cases.
* net/http should contain less bugs, since it is used and tested by much
wider audience.
* net/http works on Go older than 1.5.
* *Why fasthttp API prefers returning `[]byte` instead of `string`?*
Because `[]byte` to `string` conversion isn't free - it requires memory
allocation and copy. Feel free wrapping returned `[]byte` result into
`string()` if you prefer working with strings instead of byte slices.
But be aware that this has non-zero overhead.
* *Which GO versions are supported by fasthttp?*
Go1.5+. Older versions won't be supported, since their standard package
[miss useful functions](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/5).
* *Please provide real benchmark data and sever information*
See [this issue](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/4).
* *Are there plans to add request routing to fasthttp?*
There are no plans to add request routing into fasthttp.
Use third-party routers and web frameworks with fasthttp support:
* [Iris](https://github.com/kataras/iris)
* [fasthttp-routing](https://github.com/qiangxue/fasthttp-routing)
* [fasthttprouter](https://github.com/buaazp/fasthttprouter)
* [echo v2](https://github.com/labstack/echo)
See also [this issue](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/9) for more info.
* *I detected data race in fasthttp!*
Cool! [File a bug](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues/new). But before
doing this check the following in your code:
* Make sure there are no references to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx)
or to its' members after returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler).
* Make sure you call [TimeoutError](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx.TimeoutError)
before returning from [RequestHandler](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestHandler)
if there are references to [RequestCtx](https://godoc.org/github.com/valyala/fasthttp#RequestCtx)
or to its' members, which may be accessed by other goroutines.
* *I didn't find an answer for my question here*
Try exploring [these questions](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp/issues?q=label%3Aquestion).
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